The anticipated end results or long-term effects of a program. For example, changes in health status such as reduced disease incidence or improved nutritional status.

A set of procedures and methodological approaches that show how much of the observed change in intermediate or final outcomes, or impact, can be attributed to the program. It requires the application of evaluation designs to estimate the difference in the outcome of interest between having or not having the program.

Implementation science is the study of mechanisms to advance the inclusion of evidence-based practices and policies into public health systems and day-to-day healthcare delivery.

Quantitative or qualitative measures of program performance that are used to demonstrate change and that detail the extent to which program results are being or have been achieved. Indicators can be measured at each level: input, process, output, outcome, and impact.

The human and financial resources, physical equipment, clinical guidelines, and operational policies that are the core ingredients of programs and enable programs to be delivered.

Integrative medicine refers to the blending of conventional and natural or complementary medicines and/or therapies along with lifestyle interventions in a holistic approach, taking into account the physical, psychological, social and spiritual well being of the person.

(IR) An important, measurable result that is an essential step to achieving a strategic objective (SO) in a results framework. IRs themselves may capture a number of other discrete or more specific results. IRs may also help to achieve other IRs.

International Chemical Reference Substances (ICRS) are substances used by laboratories to test pharmaceuticals for the purpose of quality control. Used for validating results from specific tests.

International Reference Prices (IRP) is an indicative list of prices of medicines compiled from publicly available data from various sources. The most well-known IRP is the Management Sciences for Health (MSH) International Drug Price Indicator. It is regularly updated, and features the median price of a large number of medicines gathered from manufacturers, wholesalers, international organisations and government. More information on their webpage.

An interrupted time series analysis (ITS) is a kind of study set up to evaluate the effectiveness of population-level health interventions that have been implemented at a specific point in time. ITS is increasingly being used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in the health sector such as clinical therapy or national public health legislation.